Please use the form below to provide your feedback. Because your feedback is valuable to us, the information you submit in this form is recorded in our issue tracking system (JIRA), which is publicly available. You can track the status of your feedback using the ticket number displayed in the dialog once you submit the form.

A newer version of this documentation is available.

View Latest

GROUP BY Clause

  • reference
    +
    The GROUP BY clause arranges aggregate values into groups, based on one or more fields.

    Purpose

    Use the GROUP BY clause to arrange aggregate values into groups of one or more fields. This GROUP BY clause follows the WHERE clause and precedes the optional LETTING, HAVING, and ORDER BY clauses.

    Syntax

    group-by-clause ::= GROUP BY group-term [ ',' group-term ]* [ letting-clause ] [ having-clause ] |
                    letting-clause
    'GROUP' 'BY' group-term ( ',' group-term )* letting-clause? having-clause? | letting-clause

    Group Term

    group-term ::= expr [ [ AS ] alias ]
    expr ( ('AS')? alias )?

    At least one group term is required.

    expr

    String or expression representing an aggregate function or field to group together.

    AS Alias

    Assigns another name to the group term. For details, see AS Clause.

    Assigning an alias to the group term is optional. If you assign an alias, the AS keyword may be omitted.

    LETTING Clause

    letting-clause ::= LETTING alias '=' expr [ ',' alias '=' expr ]*

    'LETTING' alias '=' expr (',' alias '=' expr)*

    [Optional] Stores the result of a sub-expression in order to use it in subsequent clauses.

    alias

    String or expression representing the name of the clause to be referred to.

    expr

    String or expression representing the value of the LETTING alias variable.

    HAVING Clause

    having-clause ::= HAVING cond

    'HAVING' cond

    [Optional] To return items where aggregate values meet the specified conditions.

    cond

    String or expression representing the clause of aggregate values.

    Limitations

    GROUP BY works only on a group key or aggregate function.

    A query needs a predicate on a leading index key to ensure that the optimizer can select a secondary index for the query. Without a matching predicate, the query will use the primary index. The simplest predicate is WHERE leading-index-key IS NOT MISSING. This is usually only necessary in queries which do not otherwise have a WHERE clause; for example, some GROUP BY and aggregate queries. For more details, refer to Index Selection.

    Examples

    Example 1. Group the unique landmarks by city and list the top 4 cities with the most landmarks in descending order
    SELECT city City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) LandmarkCount
FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
GROUP BY city
ORDER BY LandmarkCount DESC
LIMIT 4;
    Results
    [
  {
    "City": "San Francisco",
    "LandmarkCount": 797
  },
  {
    "City": "London",
    "LandmarkCount": 443
  },
  {
    "City": "Los Angeles",
    "LandmarkCount": 284
  },
  {
    "City": "San Diego",
    "LandmarkCount": 197
  }
]
    Example 2. Use LETTING to find cities that have a minimum number of things to see
    SELECT city City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) LandmarkCount
FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
GROUP BY city
LETTING MinimumThingsToSee = 400
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT name) > MinimumThingsToSee;
    Results
    [
  {
    "City": "London",
    "LandmarkCount": 443
  },
  {
    "City": "San Francisco",
    "LandmarkCount": 797
  }
]
    Example 3. Use HAVING to specify cities that have more than 180 landmarks
    SELECT city City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) LandmarkCount
FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT name) > 180;
    Results
    [
  {
    "City": "London",
    "LandmarkCount": 443
  },
  {
    "City": "Los Angeles",
    "LandmarkCount": 284
  },
  {
    "City": "San Francisco",
    "LandmarkCount": 797
  },
  {
    "City": "San Diego",
    "LandmarkCount": 197
  }
]
    The above HAVING clause must use the aggregate function COUNT instead of its alias LandmarkCount.
    Example 4. Use HAVING to specify landmarks that begin with an "S" or higher
    SELECT city City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) LandmarkCount
FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
GROUP BY city
HAVING city > "S"
ORDER BY city;
    Results
    [
  {
    "City": "Sacramento",
    "LandmarkCount": 2
  },
  {
    "City": "Saint Albans",
    "LandmarkCount": 5
  },
  {
    "City": "Saint Andrews",
    "LandmarkCount": 13
  },
  {
    "City": "Saint Annes Head",
    "LandmarkCount": 1
  },
// ...

    (execution: 1s docs: 138)

    Example 5. Using WHERE yields the same results as HAVING, however, WHERE is faster
    SELECT city City, COUNT(DISTINCT name) LandmarkCount
FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark
WHERE city > "S"
GROUP BY city
ORDER BY city;
    Results
    [
  {
    "City": "Sacramento",
    "LandmarkCount": 2
  },
  {
    "City": "Saint Albans",
    "LandmarkCount": 5
  },
  {
    "City": "Saint Andrews",
    "LandmarkCount": 13
  },
  {
    "City": "Saint Annes Head",
    "LandmarkCount": 1
  },
// ...

    (execution: 480.2ms docs: 138)

    The WHERE clause is faster because WHERE gets processed before any GROUP BY and doesn’t have access to aggregated values. HAVING gets processed after GROUP BY and is used to constrain the resultset to only those with aggregated values.
    Example 6. Using an alias for a group term
    SELECT Hemisphere, COUNT(DISTINCT name) AS LandmarkCount
FROM `travel-sample`.inventory.landmark AS l
GROUP BY CASE
  WHEN l.geo.lon <0 THEN "West"
  ELSE "East"
END AS Hemisphere;
    Results
    [
  {
    "Hemisphere": "East",
    "LandmarkCount": 459
  },
  {
    "Hemisphere": "West",
    "LandmarkCount": 3885
  }
]
    The CASE expression categorizes each landmark into the Western hemisphere if its longitude is negative, or the Eastern hemisphere otherwise. The alias in the GROUP BY clause enables you to refer to the CASE expression in the SELECT clause.