Comma-Separated Join

reference

A comma-separated join enables you to produce new input objects by creating a Cartesian product of all the source objects.

Purpose

A comma-separated join is used within the FROM clause. Like the JOIN clause, it creates an input object by combining two or more source objects. A comma-separated join can combine arbitrary fields from the source documents, and you can chain several comma-separated joins together.

The comma-separated join, by itself, does not specify a join predicate. This means that, in its basic form, the comma-separated join would produce all the possible combinations of the combined source objects — this is known as the Cartesian product.

In practice, it is common to use the query’s WHERE clause to specify a condition for the comma-separated join. Refer to the examples below for further details.

Prerequisites

For you to select data from keyspace or expression, you must have the query_select privilege on that keyspace. For more details about user roles, see Authorization.

Syntax

comma-separated-join ::= ',' 'LATERAL'? ( rhs-keyspace | rhs-subquery | rhs-generic )

rhs-keyspace	Right-Hand Side Keyspace
rhs-subquery	Right-Hand Side Subquery
rhs-generic	Right-Hand Side Generic Expression

Left-Hand Side

The comma-separated join cannot be the first term within the FROM clause; it must be preceded by another FROM term. The term immediately preceding the comma-separated join represents the left-hand side of the comma-separated join.

You can chain the comma-separated join with any of the other permitted FROM terms, including another comma-separated join. For more information, see the page on the FROM clause.

There are restrictions on what types of FROM terms may be chained and in what order — see the descriptions on this page for more details.

The types of FROM term that may be used as the left-hand side of the comma-separated join are summarized in the following table.

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

Type Example

Type	Example
keyspace identifier	`hotel`
generic expression	`20+10 AS Total`
subquery	`SELECT ARRAY_AGG(t1.city) AS cities, SUM(t1.city_cnt) AS apnum FROM ( SELECT city, city_cnt, country, ARRAY_AGG(airportname) AS apnames FROM airport GROUP BY city, country LETTING city_cnt = COUNT(city) ) AS t1 WHERE t1.city_cnt > 5;`
previous join, nest, or unnest	`SELECT * FROM route AS rte JOIN airport AS apt ON rte.destinationairport = apt.faa NEST landmark AS lmk ON apt.city = lmk.city LIMIT 5;`
previous comma-separated join	`SELECT a.airportname, h.name AS hotel, l.name AS landmark FROM airport AS a, hotel AS h, landmark AS l WHERE a.city = h.city AND h.city = l.city LIMIT 5;`

keyspace identifier

hotel

generic expression

20+10 AS Total

subquery

SELECT ARRAY_AGG(t1.city) AS cities,
  SUM(t1.city_cnt) AS apnum
FROM (
  SELECT city, city_cnt, country,
    ARRAY_AGG(airportname) AS apnames
  FROM airport
  GROUP BY city, country
  LETTING city_cnt = COUNT(city)
) AS t1
WHERE t1.city_cnt > 5;

previous join, nest, or unnest

SELECT *
FROM route AS rte
JOIN airport AS apt
  ON rte.destinationairport = apt.faa
NEST landmark AS lmk
  ON apt.city = lmk.city
LIMIT 5;

previous comma-separated join

SELECT a.airportname, h.name AS hotel, l.name AS landmark
FROM airport AS a,
     hotel AS h,
     landmark AS l
WHERE a.city = h.city
  AND h.city = l.city
LIMIT 5;

The comma-separated join is a type of inner join. For each joined object produced, both the left-hand side and right-hand side source objects must be non-MISSING and non-NULL.

The right-hand side of a comma-separated join may be a keyspace reference, a subquery, or a generic expression term.

LATERAL Join

(Introduced in Couchbase Server 7.6)

When an expression on the right-hand side of a comma-separated join references a keyspace that is already specified in the same FROM clause, the expression is said to be correlated. In relational databases, a join which contains correlated expressions is referred to as a lateral join. In SQL++, lateral correlations are detected automatically, and there is no need to specify that a join is lateral.

In Couchbase Server 7.6 and later, you can use the LATERAL keyword as a visual reminder that a join contains correlated expressions. The LATERAL keyword is not required — the keyword is included solely for compatibility with queries from relational databases.

If you use the LATERAL keyword in a join that has no lateral correlation, the keyword is ignored.

You can use the optional LATERAL keyword in front of the right-hand side keyspace of a comma-separated join.

Using the LATERAL keyword in a comma-separated join implies that the right-hand side of the join must appear after the left-hand side of the join. This may prevent the cost-based optimizer from reordering joins in the query to give the optimal join order. For details, see Join Enumeration.

Right-Hand Side Keyspace

rhs-keyspace ::= keyspace-ref ( 'AS'? alias )? ansi-join-hints?

keyspace-ref	Keyspace Reference
alias	AS Alias
ansi-join-hints	USE Clause

Keyspace Reference

Keyspace reference for the right-hand side of the comma-separated join. For details, see Keyspace Reference.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the keyspace reference. For details, see AS Clause.

Assigning an alias to the keyspace reference is optional. If you assign an alias to the keyspace reference, the AS keyword may be omitted.

USE Clause

Enables you to specify that the join should use particular keys, a particular index, or a particular join method. For details, see ANSI JOIN Hints.

You can also supply a join hint within a specially-formatted hint comment. Note that you cannot specify a join hint for the same keyspace using both the USE clause and a hint comment. If you do this, the USE clause and the hint comment are both marked as erroneous and ignored by the optimizer.

Right-Hand Side Subquery

rhs-subquery ::= subquery-expr 'AS'? alias

subquery-expr	Subquery Expression
alias	AS Alias

Subquery Expression

Use parentheses to specify a subquery for the right-hand side of the comma-separated join. For details, see Subquery Expression.

A subquery on the right-hand side of the comma-separated join cannot be correlated, i.e. it cannot refer to a keyspace in the outer query block. This will lead to an error.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the subquery. For details, see AS Clause.

You must assign an alias to a subquery on the right-hand side of the join. However, when you assign an alias to the subquery, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Right-Hand Side Generic Expression

rhs-generic ::= expr ( 'AS'? alias )?

expr	Expression Term
alias	AS Alias

Expression Term

A SQL++ expression generating JSON documents or objects for the right-hand side of the comma-separated join.

An expression on the right-hand side of the comma-separated join may be correlated, i.e. it may refer to a keyspace on the left-hand side of the join. In this case, only a nested-loop join may be used.

AS Alias

Assigns another name to the generic expression. For details, see AS Clause.

You must assign an alias to the generic expression if it is not an identifier; otherwise, assigning an alias is optional. However, when you assign an alias to the generic expression, the AS keyword may be omitted.

Limitations

You can chain comma-separated joins with ANSI JOIN clauses, ANSI NEST clauses, and UNNEST clauses. However, you cannot chain comma-separated joins with lookup JOIN and NEST clauses, or index JOIN and NEST clauses.
The right-hand side of a comma-separated join can only be a keyspace identifier, a subquery, or a generic expression. This means that comma-separated joins must come after any JOIN, NEST, or UNNEST clauses.

Examples

To try the examples in this section, set the query context to the inventory scope in the travel sample dataset. For more information, see Query Context.

Example 1. Cartesian product

The following query lists every possible combination of the two input objects.

Comma-separated join

SELECT * FROM [{"abc": 1}, {"abc": 2}, {"abc": 3}] AS a,
              [{"xyz": 1}, {"xyz": 2}] AS b;

Compare the query above with the following query using an ANSI join.

ANSI join

SELECT * FROM [{"abc": 1}, {"abc": 2}, {"abc": 3}] AS a
         JOIN [{"xyz": 1}, {"xyz": 2}] AS b ON true;

The results of the two queries are the same.

Results

[
  {
    "a": {
      "abc": 1
    },
    "b": {
      "xyz": 1
    }
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "abc": 1
    },
    "b": {
      "xyz": 2
    }
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "abc": 2
    },
    "b": {
      "xyz": 1
    }
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "abc": 2
    },
    "b": {
      "xyz": 2
    }
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "abc": 3
    },
    "b": {
      "xyz": 1
    }
  },
  {
    "a": {
      "abc": 3
    },
    "b": {
      "xyz": 2
    }
  }
]

Example 2. Comma-separated join condition

The following query uses the WHERE clause to define the condition for a comma-separated join.

Comma-separated join

SELECT a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM route AS r,
     airport AS a
WHERE a.faa = r.sourceairport
LIMIT 4;

Compare the query above with the following query using an ANSI join.

ANSI join

SELECT a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM route AS r
JOIN airport AS a
  ON a.faa = r.sourceairport
LIMIT 4;

The results of the two queries are the same.

Results

[
  {
    "airport": "Lehigh Valley Intl",
    "route": 20010
  },
  {
    "airport": "Lehigh Valley Intl",
    "route": 20011
  },
  {
    "airport": "Lehigh Valley Intl",
    "route": 28856
  },
  {
    "airport": "Lehigh Valley Intl",
    "route": 28857
  }
]

Example 3. Comma-separated join with filters

The following query uses the WHERE clause to define a condition for a comma-separated join and to filter the query.

Comma-separated join

SELECT a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM route AS r,
     airport AS a
WHERE a.faa = r.sourceairport
  AND r.sourceairport = "SFO"
LIMIT 4;

Compare the query above with the following query using an ANSI join.

ANSI join

SELECT a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM route AS r
JOIN airport AS a
  ON a.faa = r.sourceairport
WHERE r.sourceairport = "SFO"
LIMIT 4;

The results of the two queries are the same.

Results

[
  {
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 10624
  },
  {
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 10625
  },
  {
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 11212
  },
  {
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 11213
  }
]

Example 4. Comma-separated join with hints

The following query uses the USE clause to specify hints for a comma-separated join.

Comma-separated join

EXPLAIN SELECT a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM route AS r,
     airport AS a
     USE INDEX(def_inventory_airport_faa) NL
WHERE a.faa = r.sourceairport
  AND r.sourceairport = "SFO"
LIMIT 4;

Compare the query above with the following query using an ANSI join.

ANSI join

EXPLAIN SELECT a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM route AS r
JOIN airport AS a
 USE INDEX(def_inventory_airport_faa) NL
  ON a.faa = r.sourceairport
WHERE r.sourceairport = "SFO"
LIMIT 4;

The results of the two queries are the same.

Results

[
  {
    "optimizer_hints": {
      "hints_followed": [
        "USE_NL(a)",
        "INDEX(a def_inventory_airport_faa)"
      ]
    },
    // ...
  }
]

Example 5. Chaining ANSI joins with comma-separated joins

The following query chains an ANSI join with a comma-separated join.

Query

SELECT l.name AS airline, a.airportname AS airport, r.id AS route
FROM airline AS l
JOIN route AS r
  ON META(l).id = r.airlineid,
     airport AS a
WHERE a.faa = r.sourceairport
  AND r.sourceairport = "SFO"
LIMIT 4;

Results

[
  {
    "airline": "AirTran Airways",
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 25480
  },
  {
    "airline": "AirTran Airways",
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 25481
  },
  {
    "airline": "AirTran Airways",
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 25482
  },
  {
    "airline": "AirTran Airways",
    "airport": "San Francisco Intl",
    "route": 25483
  }
]

Example 6. Lateral correlation

The following query has a lateral correlation between the subquery and the airport keyspace.

Comma-separated join

SELECT airport.airportname, t2.name
FROM airport,
(SELECT name FROM hotel WHERE hotel.city = airport.city) AS t2
LIMIT 5;

Compare the query above with the following query using the LATERAL keyword.

Comma-separated join with LATERAL keyword

SELECT airport.airportname, t2.name
FROM airport,
LATERAL (SELECT name FROM hotel WHERE hotel.city = airport.city) AS t2
LIMIT 5;

The results of the two queries are the same.

Results

[
  {
    "airportname": "Mandelieu",
    "name": "Hotel Cybelle"
  },
  {
    "airportname": "Cote D\\'Azur",
    "name": "Best Western Hotel Riviera Nice"
  },
  {
    "airportname": "Cote D\\'Azur",
    "name": "Hotel Anis"
  },
  {
    "airportname": "Cote D\\'Azur",
    "name": "NH Nice"
  },
  {
    "airportname": "Cote D\\'Azur",
    "name": "Hotel Suisse"
  }
]